UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) system is an uninterrupted power source that provides stable power supply to electrical devices during power outages. In this way, electrical equipment is protected from damage due to loss of voltage, overvoltage, disturbances in the supply voltage, i.e. interruption of operation. It also prevents the loss and damage of important data or the interruption of work processes.

Battery life for UPS systems depends on usage, usually between 3-5 years. By regularly checking the battery with a testing device, its current condition and the need for replacement can be established. When the battery is at the end of its life, it is necessary to replace it, as this extends the life of the UPS system and maintains the reliability of the supply of critical consumers.

a) Line-interactive UPS systems are suitable for general use, where there is no need for high quality output voltage. The device contains a bypass switch, which enables direct power supply to the consumer and battery charging with mains voltage in a regular state. In the event of a power outage, the bypass switch changes its state and transfers energy from the batteries, through the inverter, to the consumers.

b) Online UPS systems do not have a bypass switch, so the power supply of consumers is realized through an inverter even in the presence of mains voltage. These devices are used for applications that require a high-quality.

Yes. Each component of a solar power plant has its own lifespan.

Photovoltaic modules have the longest service life, while for other components it depends on the conditions of exploitation and the quality of the equipment (inverter, accompanying distribution, switching and protective equipment).

In the long term, solar power plants are a good investment because after the period of return of the invested funds, they bring a net profit to the investor.

The power of a solar power plant depends on:

• planned consumption expressed in kilowatt-hours (kWh). If new electric consumers are planned, then these values should be added to the current annual consumption
• available space for mounting photovoltaic modules and other supporting equipment
• general conditions for connecting the solar power plant to the internal installations of the customer’s existing facility, which are prescribed by the electricity distribution company

A hybrid solar system, in addition to solar panels as the primary source of electricity, uses auxiliary: distribution network, diesel electric generator or both sources together. In addition, the hybrid solar system includes hybrid converters (inverters/rectifiers), energy storage batteries and other necessary distribution, switching and protection equipment. Batteries have the role of storing electricity and distributing it to consumers in the event of a shortage or absence of solar energy. In the event of a lack of solar energy and the discharge of the batteries to a certain limit, one of the auxiliary power sources takes over the power supply of the consumers and the charging of the batteries – until the conditions for supplying the consumers and charging the batteries with solar energy are created.

In addition to the basic principle of primary use of energy from renewable sources and long-term profitability of the investment, this system also brings redundancy in the power supply, even up to the N+2 level. In case of absence of solar energy, the power supply of consumers is taken over by the distribution network or diesel electric generator. Practically speaking, this is an uninterruptible power supply system.

Hybrid solar systems are used in applications that require a high level of power supply reliability and redundancy in the absence of a primary power source, as well as in places where there is no possibility of making an electrical distribution connection – usually rural areas.

Regular maintenance of solar power plants includes:

a) visual inspection of photovoltaic modules and checking of attachment to supports and supporting structure

b) washing the surfaces of photovoltaic modules with water as needed. Accumulated dirt significantly affects the degradation of the degree of utilization photovoltaic modules

c) elimination of the cause of shading of photovoltaic modules – most often pruning of vegetation

d) visual inspection of the inside of the distribution cabinet, especially the condition of the surge arrester

e) visual inspection of all cable routes for mechanical damage

f) checking the production of the solar power plant. If it is smaller than expected, it is necessary to find the cause of the problem – equipment failure, bad electrical connections, shading of photovoltaic modules

The power of the diesel electric generator is determined depending on the type and power of the consumer. It is not recommended to load the diesel electric generator with maximum power and therefore it is necessary to leave a minimum of 20% reserve in its nominal power.

If the aggregates are regularly maintained, their lifespan is measured in decades. Regular maintenance of the unit is definitely worth it.

The methodology used for the design and construction of the Data Center is key, because poor planning leads to inadequate capital utilization and can significantly increase operating costs.

In fact, it is extremely important to establish the right design criteria and performance characteristics, on which capital and later operating costs are based.

In addition to the investment plan, then operation and maintenance costs, one must take into account the geographical and climatic location of the location, seismological and natural influences, infrastructure, availability and costs of electricity, as well as potential options for expanding the Data Center.

In addition to IT equipment, it is necessary to take care of the space for mechanical and electrical installations, and accordingly, to foresee everything in terms of location.

The construction time factor plays a very important role in the planning of any Data Center. The latest data shows that a 10-year-old data center is already considered obsolete (source: Gartner), therefore the speed of construction plays a serious role in the strategic plan of any data center.

Considering the trend in the IT industry in recent years, such as increasing the processing power of servers and, therefore, the increasingly high dissipation densities of IT equipment, which results in the release of an increasing amount of heat, not only more intense cooling is required, but also the finding of technological solutions for air conditioning equipment that in accordance with the increase of the efficiency coefficient, it can remove a large amount of heat. In addition to the mentioned heat removal, an important role of the cooling system is to control the temperature and humidity of the air in the room.

The reliability of operation, the lifetime of the equipment, and the security of important data will largely depend on the choice of a professional cooling system solution. Depending on the level of security required, the level of redundancy of the cooling equipment is designed. Bearing in mind that air conditioning is, in addition to other equipment, the biggest consumer of electricity, the energy efficiency of the Data Center also depends on the correct selection of cooling system equipment.

– at home
– at work
– shopping centers
– public charging stations
– EV charging at gas stations
– catering establishments, hotels, restaurants, etc.

– Capacity and current state of charge of the battery in an electric car
– The power of the onboard charger in the electric vehicle
– Charger power of the charging station
– Battery temperature